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Journal articleHogg A, Jenkins M, Liu H, et al., 2024,
HRTF upsampling with a generative adversarial network using a gnomonic equiangular projection
, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, Vol: 32, Pages: 2085-2099, ISSN: 1558-7916An individualised (HRTF) is very important for creating realistic (VR) and (AR) environments. However, acoustically measuring high-quality HRTFs requires expensive equipment and an acoustic lab setting. To overcome these limitations and to make this measurement more efficient HRTF upsampling has been exploited in the past where a high-resolution HRTF is created from a low-resolution one. This paper demonstrates how (GAN) can be applied to HRTF upsampling. We propose a novel approach that transforms the HRTF data for direct use with a convolutional (SRGAN). This new approach is benchmarked against three baselines: barycentric upsampling, (SH) upsampling and an HRTF selection approach. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms all three baselines in terms of (LSD) and localisation performance using perceptual models when the input HRTF is sparse (less than 20 measured positions).
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Journal articleNeo VW, Redif S, McWhirter JG, et al., 2023,
Polynomial eigenvalue decomposition for multichannel broadband signal processing
, IEEE: Signal Processing Magazine, Vol: 40, Pages: 18-37, ISSN: 1053-5888This article is devoted to the polynomial eigenvalue decomposition (PEVD) and its applications in broadband multichannel signal processing, motivated by the optimum solutions provided by the eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) for the narrow-band case [1], [2]. In general, the successful techniques from narrowband problems can also be applied to broadband ones, leading to improved solutions. Multichannel broadband signals arise at the core of many essential commercial applications such as telecommunications, speech processing, healthcare monitoring, astronomy and seismic surveillance, and military technologies like radar, sonar and communications [3]. The success of these applications often depends on the performance of signal processing tasks, including data compression [4], source localization [5], channel coding [6], signal enhancement [7], beamforming [8], and source separation [9]. In most cases and for narrowband signals, performing an EVD is the key to the signal processing algorithm. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce PEVD as a novel mathematical technique suitable for many broadband signal processing applications.
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Conference paperHogg A, Liu H, Mads J, et al., 2023,
Exploring the Impact of Transfer Learning on GAN-Based HRTF Upsampling
, EAA Forum Acusticum, European Congress on Acoustics -
Conference paperSanguedolce G, Naylor PA, Geranmayeh F, 2023,
Uncovering the potential for a weakly supervised end-to-end model in recognising speech from patient with post-stroke aphasia
, 5th Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop, Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics, Pages: 182-190Post-stroke speech and language deficits (aphasia) significantly impact patients' quality of life. Many with mild symptoms remain undiagnosed, and the majority do not receive the intensive doses of therapy recommended, due to healthcare costs and/or inadequate services. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) may help overcome these difficulties by improving diagnostic rates and providing feedback during tailored therapy. However, its performance is often unsatisfactory due to the high variability in speech errors and scarcity of training datasets. This study assessed the performance of Whisper, a recently released end-to-end model, in patients with post-stroke aphasia (PWA). We tuned its hyperparameters to achieve the lowest word error rate (WER) on aphasic speech. WER was significantly higher in PWA compared to age-matched controls (10.3% vs 38.5%, p < 0.001). We demonstrated that worse WER was related to the more severe aphasia as measured by expressive (overt naming, and spontaneous speech production) and receptive (written and spoken comprehension) language assessments. Stroke lesion size did not affect the performance of Whisper. Linear mixed models accounting for demographic factors, therapy duration, and time since stroke, confirmed worse Whisper performance with left hemispheric frontal lesions. We discuss the implications of these findings for how future ASR can be improved in PWA.
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Conference paperMcKnight S, Hogg AOT, Neo VW, et al., 2022,
Studying human-based speaker diarization and comparing to state-of-the-art systems
, APSIPA 2022, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 394-401Human-based speaker diarization experiments were carried out on a five-minute extract of a typical AMI corpus meeting to see how much variance there is in human reviews based on hearing only and to compare with state-of-the-art diarization systems on the same extract. There are three distinct experiments: (a) one with no prior information; (b) one with the ground truth speech activity detection (GT-SAD); and (c) one with the blank ground truth labels (GT-labels). The results show that most human reviews tend to be quite similar, albeit with some outliers, but the choice of GT-labels can make a dramatic difference to scored performance. Using the GT-SAD provides a big advantage and improves human review scores substantially, though small differences in the GT-SAD used can have a dramatic effect on results. The use of forgiveness collars is shown to be unhelpful. The results show that state-of-the-art systems can outperform the best human reviews when no prior information is provided. However, the best human reviews still outperform state-of-the-art systems when starting from the GT-SAD.
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Conference paperD'Olne E, Neo VW, Naylor PA, 2022,
Speech enhancement in distributed microphone arrays using polynomial eigenvalue decomposition
, Europen Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 55-59, ISSN: 2219-5491As the number of connected devices equipped withmultiple microphones increases, scientific interest in distributedmicrophone array processing grows. Current beamforming meth-ods heavily rely on estimating quantities related to array geom-etry, which is extremely challenging in real, non-stationary envi-ronments. Recent work on polynomial eigenvalue decomposition(PEVD) has shown promising results for speech enhancement insingular arrays without requiring the estimation of any array-related parameter [1]. This work extends these results to therealm of distributed microphone arrays, and further presentsa novel framework for speech enhancement in distributed mi-crophone arrays using PEVD. The proposed approach is shownto almost always outperform optimum beamformers located atarrays closest to the desired speaker. Moreover, the proposedapproach exhibits very strong robustness to steering vectorerrors.
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Conference paperNeo VW, D'Olne E, Moore AH, et al., 2022,
Fixed beamformer design using polynomial eigenvalue decomposition
, International Workshop on Acoustic Signal Enhancement (IWAENC), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1-5Array processing is widely used in many speech applications involving multiple microphones. These applications include automaticspeech recognition, robot audition, telecommunications, and hearing aids. A spatio-temporal filter for the array allows signals fromdifferent microphones to be combined desirably to improve the application performance. This paper will analyze and visually interpretthe eigenvector beamformers designed by the polynomial eigenvaluedecomposition (PEVD) algorithm, which are suited for arbitrary arrays. The proposed fixed PEVD beamformers are lightweight, withan average filter length of 114 and perform comparably to classicaldata-dependent minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR)and linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformersfor the separation of sources closely spaced by 5 degrees.
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Conference paperNeo VW, Weiss S, McKnight S, et al., 2022,
Polynomial eigenvalue decomposition-based target speaker voice activity detection in the presence of competing talkers
, International Workshop on Acoustic Signal Enhancement (IWAENC), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1-5Voice activity detection (VAD) algorithms are essential for many speech processing applications, such as speaker diarization, automatic speech recognition, speech enhancement, and speech coding. With a good VAD algorithm, non-speech segments can be excluded to improve the performance and computation of these applications. In this paper, we propose a polynomial eigenvalue decomposition-based target-speaker VAD algorithm to detect unseen target speakers in the presence of competing talkers. The proposed approach uses frame-based processing to compute the syndrome energy, used for testing the presence or absence of a target speaker. The proposed approach is consistently among the best in F1 and balanced accuracy scores over the investigated range of signal to interference ratio (SIR) from -10 dB to 20 dB.
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Conference paperNeo VW, Weiss S, Naylor PA, 2022,
A polynomial subspace projection approach for the detection of weak voice activity
, Sensor Signal Processing for Defence conference (SSPD), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1-5A voice activity detection (VAD) algorithm identifies whether or not time frames contain speech. It is essential for many military and commercial speech processing applications, including speech enhancement, speech coding, speaker identification, and automatic speech recognition. In this work, we adopt earlier work on detecting weak transient signals and propose a polynomial subspace projection pre-processor to improve an existing VAD algorithm. The proposed multi-channel pre-processor projects the microphone signals onto a lower dimensional subspace which attempts to remove the interferer components and thus eases the detection of the speech target. Compared to applying the same VAD to the microphone signal, the proposed approach almost always improves the F1 and balanced accuracy scores even in adverse environments, e.g. -30 dB SIR, which may be typical of operations involving noisy machinery and signal jamming scenarios.
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Conference paperMcKnight S, Hogg A, Neo V, et al., 2022,
A study of salient modulation domain features for speaker identification
, Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 705-712This paper studies the ranges of acoustic andmodulation frequencies of speech most relevant for identifyingspeakers and compares the speaker-specific information presentin the temporal envelope against that present in the temporalfine structure. This study uses correlation and feature importancemeasures, random forest and convolutional neural network mod-els, and reconstructed speech signals with specific acoustic and/ormodulation frequencies removed to identify the salient points. Itis shown that the range of modulation frequencies associated withthe fundamental frequency is more important than the 1-16 Hzrange most commonly used in automatic speech recognition, andthat the 0 Hz modulation frequency band contains significantspeaker information. It is also shown that the temporal envelopeis more discriminative among speakers than the temporal finestructure, but that the temporal fine structure still contains usefuladditional information for speaker identification. This researchaims to provide a timely addition to the literature by identifyingspecific aspects of speech relevant for speaker identification thatcould be used to enhance the discriminant capabilities of machinelearning models.
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Conference paperD'Olne E, Neo VW, Naylor PA, 2022,
Frame-Based Space-Time Covariance Matrix Estimation for Polynomial Eigenvalue Decomposition-Based Speech Enhancement
Recent work in speech enhancement has proposed a polynomial eigenvalue decomposition (PEVD) method, yielding significant intelligibility and noise-reduction improvements without introducing distortions in the enhanced signal [1]. The method relies on the estimation of a space-time covariance matrix, performed in batch mode such that a sufficiently long portion of the noisy signal is used to derive an accurate estimate. However, in applications where the scene is nonstationary, this approach is unable to adapt to changes in the acoustic scenario. This paper thus proposes a frame-based procedure for the estimation of space-time covariance matrices and investigates its impact on subsequent PEVD speech enhancement. The method is found to yield spatial filters and speech enhancement improvements comparable to the batch method in [1], showing potential for real-time processing.
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Conference paperNeo VW, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,
Polynomial Matrix Eigenvalue Decomposition-Based Source Separation Using Informed Spherical Microphone Arrays
, 2021 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 201-205 -
Conference paperHogg AOT, Neo VW, Weiss S, et al., 2021,
A Polynomial Eigenvalue Decomposition Music Approach for Broadband Sound Source Localization
, 2021 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 326-330 -
Conference paperNeo VW, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,
Polynomial Matrix Eigenvalue Decomposition of Spherical Harmonics for Speech Enhancement
, ICASSP 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 786-790 -
Conference paperHogg AOT, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,
Multichannel Overlapping Speaker Segmentation Using Multiple Hypothesis Tracking Of Acoustic And Spatial Features
, ICASSP 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 26-30 -
Journal articleHogg A, Evers C, Moore A, et al., 2021,
Overlapping speaker segmentation using multiple hypothesis tracking of fundamental frequency
, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, Vol: 29, Pages: 1479-1490, ISSN: 2329-9290This paper demonstrates how the harmonic structure of voiced speech can be exploited to segment multiple overlapping speakers in a speaker diarization task. We explore how a change in the speaker can be inferred from a change in pitch. We show that voiced harmonics can be useful in detecting when more than one speaker is talking, such as during overlapping speaker activity. A novel system is proposed to track multiple harmonics simultaneously, allowing for the determination of onsets and end-points of a speaker’s utterance in the presence of an additional active speaker. This system is bench-marked against a segmentation system from the literature that employs a bidirectional long short term memory network (BLSTM) approach and requires training. Experimental results highlight that the proposed approach outperforms the BLSTM baseline approach by 12.9% in terms of HIT rate for speaker segmentation. We also show that the estimated pitch tracks of our system can be used as features to the BLSTM to achieve further improvements of 1.21% in terms of coverage and 2.45% in terms of purity
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Conference paperNeo VW, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,
Speech Dereverberation Performance of a Polynomial-EVD Subspace Approach
, 2020 28th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 221-225 -
Conference paperMcKnight SW, Hogg AOT, Naylor PA, 2021,
Analysis of Phonetic Dependence of Segmentation Errors in Speaker Diarization
, 2020 28th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 381-385 -
Journal articleNeo VW, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2021,
Enhancement of Noisy Reverberant Speech Using Polynomial Matrix Eigenvalue Decomposition
, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, Vol: 29, Pages: 3255-3266, ISSN: 2329-9290 -
Conference paperNeo VW, Evers C, Naylor PA, 2020,
PEVD-Based Speech Enhancement in Reverberant Environments
, ICASSP 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 186-190
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