@article{Kristoffersen:2026:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.105047,
author = {Kristoffersen, JC and Kabel, T and Georgakis, CT and Bellos, V and Karmpadakis, I},
doi = {10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.105047},
journal = {Coastal Engineering},
title = {Spatio-temporal measurement of laboratory wave fields using LiDAR},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.105047},
volume = {209},
year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - Accurate spatio-temporal measurements of the free-surface elevation are essential for understanding wave evolution, wave breaking, and wave-structure interaction. In laboratory studies, conventional wave gauges provide reliable point measurements but become intrusive and impractical when extended to dense spatial arrays. This study evaluates the capability of a commercially available 3D LiDAR system to resolve the spatio-temporal evolution of regular and irregular waves in a wave flume, through direct comparison with high-resolution camera and wave-gauge measurements.The LiDAR is deployed non-intrusively to capture free-surface elevation over a spatial extent exceeding two wavelengths with high spatial and temporal resolution. Regular and irregular wave conditions are investigated over a sloping bathymetry, including breaking waves. Quantitative comparisons are conducted in the time, frequency, and spatial domains, as well as individual wave statistics. For irregular sea states, significant wave height, individual wave heights, periods, and crest heights derived from LiDAR measurements show close agreement with wave gauge estimates, with root-mean-square errors typically below 6% of the significant wave height and correlation coefficients exceeding 0.97 outside the immediate vicinity of the LiDAR.Systematic deviations are observed directly beneath the LiDAR. Under breaking conditions, the LiDAR preferentially captures the densest part of the overturning crest and aerated surface, revealing inherent differences between optical and probe-based definitions of the free surface. These effects are quantified, and practical guidance on sensor placement, data processing, and interpretation is provided. Overall, the results demonstrate that LiDAR offers a robust and efficient alternative to dense wave gauge arrays for laboratory studies requiring spatio-temporal resolution of wave fields.
AU  - Kristoffersen,JC
AU  - Kabel,T
AU  - Georgakis,CT
AU  - Bellos,V
AU  - Karmpadakis,I
DO  - 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.105047
PY  - 2026///
SN  - 0378-3839
TI  - Spatio-temporal measurement of laboratory wave fields using LiDAR
T2  - Coastal Engineering
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.105047
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2026.105047
VL  - 209
ER  - 

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