@article{Gardiner:2026:10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108695,
author = {Gardiner, LE and Lozano-Rojas, D and Smith, N and Espley, J and Stewart, ID and Ntotsis, K and Aul, R and Bakerly, ND and Beirne, P and Bolton, CE and Brown, JS and Briggs, A and Chalder, T and Chalmers, JD and Choudhury, G and Davies, MJ and De, Soyza A and Docherty, AB and Easom, N and Echevarria, C and Efstathiou, CM and Elneima, O and Fuld, J and Geddes, JR and Goemans, AF and Greenhalf, W and Greening, NJ and Guillen-Guio, B and Harris, VC and Harrison, EM and Hart, N and Heaney, LG and Heller, S and Ho, L-P and Horsley, A and Houchen-Wolloff, L and Howard, L and Hurst, JR and Iqbal, MM and Jacob, J and Jenkins, G and Jolley, C and Jones, M and Kerr, S and Khunti, K and Leavy, OC and Lewis, K and Lone, NI and Lord, JM and Man, WD-C and Marks, M and McAuley, HJC and McCann, GP and Neubauer, S and Openshaw, PJ and Parekh, D and Pfeffer, P and Poinasamy, K and Porter, JC and Quint, JK and Rahman, NM and Raman, B and Richardson, M and Rowland-Jones, SD and Rowland, MJ and Saunders, RM},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108695},
journal = {Int J Infect Dis},
title = {Investigating prognostic classifications of preexisting multiple long-term conditions for health outcomes 1 year after COVID-19 hospitalization: A UK prospective observational study.},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108695},
volume = {168},
year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preexisting multiple (two or more) long-term conditions (MLTCs) may negatively affect recovery after COVID-19. We investigated how preexisting MLTCs, including different categorization and patterns of MLTCs, affect 1-year health outcomes after severe COVID-19. METHODS: Adults post-hospitalization after COVID-19 were recruited during 2020-2021. We compared recovery at 1 year after discharge using adjusted multivariable logistic regression in 1:1 propensity-matched adults (for age, sex, ethnicity, social deprivation, obesity, and smoking history) with and without preexisting MLTCs. In adults with MLTCs, different categorization such as number of conditions, number and types of body systems involved (e.g. respiratory, cardiovascular), and latent class analysis-derived patterns of condition co-occurrence were assessed for their association with recovery at 1 year. RESULTS: A total of 647 adults with MLTCs were matched with 647 adults without MLTCs (n = 1294; 61.9% male, 79.6% of White ethnicity, median age 59 [interquartile range 52-67] years). The presence of MLTCs was associated with lower odds of feeling fully recovered (odds ratio 0.66 [95% confidence interval 0.51-0.85], P = 0.001). In those with MLTCs, recovery was negatively affected by number and type of body systems involved (e.g. respiratory [odds ratio 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.34-0.69), P <0.001]) but not by the number of conditions (P >0.1). Four latent classes of MLTC co-occurrence were estimated with different risks of recovery (P <0.01). CONCLUSION: Adults with preexisting MLTCs were 34% less likely to feel fully recovered at 1 year after COVID-19 hospitalization than adults without MLTCs. We describe prognostic classifications of MLTCs, with future work needed to understand whether they have prognostication in broader post-acute infection sequalae.
AU  - Gardiner,LE
AU  - Lozano-Rojas,D
AU  - Smith,N
AU  - Espley,J
AU  - Stewart,ID
AU  - Ntotsis,K
AU  - Aul,R
AU  - Bakerly,ND
AU  - Beirne,P
AU  - Bolton,CE
AU  - Brown,JS
AU  - Briggs,A
AU  - Chalder,T
AU  - Chalmers,JD
AU  - Choudhury,G
AU  - Davies,MJ
AU  - De,Soyza A
AU  - Docherty,AB
AU  - Easom,N
AU  - Echevarria,C
AU  - Efstathiou,CM
AU  - Elneima,O
AU  - Fuld,J
AU  - Geddes,JR
AU  - Goemans,AF
AU  - Greenhalf,W
AU  - Greening,NJ
AU  - Guillen-Guio,B
AU  - Harris,VC
AU  - Harrison,EM
AU  - Hart,N
AU  - Heaney,LG
AU  - Heller,S
AU  - Ho,L-P
AU  - Horsley,A
AU  - Houchen-Wolloff,L
AU  - Howard,L
AU  - Hurst,JR
AU  - Iqbal,MM
AU  - Jacob,J
AU  - Jenkins,G
AU  - Jolley,C
AU  - Jones,M
AU  - Kerr,S
AU  - Khunti,K
AU  - Leavy,OC
AU  - Lewis,K
AU  - Lone,NI
AU  - Lord,JM
AU  - Man,WD-C
AU  - Marks,M
AU  - McAuley,HJC
AU  - McCann,GP
AU  - Neubauer,S
AU  - Openshaw,PJ
AU  - Parekh,D
AU  - Pfeffer,P
AU  - Poinasamy,K
AU  - Porter,JC
AU  - Quint,JK
AU  - Rahman,NM
AU  - Raman,B
AU  - Richardson,M
AU  - Rowland-Jones,SD
AU  - Rowland,MJ
AU  - Saunders,RM
AU  - Scott,JT
AU  - Semple,MG
AU  - Sereno,M
AU  - Shah,AM
AU  - Sheikh,A
AU  - Shikotra,A
AU  - Singapuri,A
AU  - Taquet,M
AU  - Thomas,D
AU  - Thompson,R
AU  - Thorpe,M
AU  - Toshner,M
AU  - Wang,L
AU  - Wootton,DG
AU  - Zheng,B
AU  - Wain,LV
AU  - Brightling,CE
AU  - Singh,SJ
AU  - Taylor,RS
AU  - Evans,RA
AU  - PHOSP-COVID,study Collaborative Group
DO  - 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108695
PY  - 2026///
TI  - Investigating prognostic classifications of preexisting multiple long-term conditions for health outcomes 1 year after COVID-19 hospitalization: A UK prospective observational study.
T2  - Int J Infect Dis
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108695
UR  - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41966515
VL  - 168
ER  - 

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