@article{Whitaker:2026:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01912-9,
author = {Whitaker, M and Elliott, J and Gerard-Ursin, I and Cooke, GS and Donnelly, CA and Ward, H and Elliott, P and Chadeau-Hyam, M},
doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01912-9},
journal = {The Lancet},
title = {Profiling vaccine attitudes and subsequent uptake in 1·1 million people in England: a nationwide cohort study},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01912-9},
year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - BackgroundDespite highly effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy persisted in some populations in England during the pandemic, with rates and motivations for hesitancy varying by demographic group. Addressing the drivers of vaccine hesitancy through targeted interventions in hesitant groups is a public health priority for better and more rapid control of disease spread. We aimed to characterise the determinants and subtypes of vaccine hesitancy and identify more persistent forms of hesitancy via analysis of vaccine uptake in a large cross-sectional cohort with linked National Health Service (NHS) data.MethodsWe conducted an initial cross-sectional analysis of vaccine hesitancy at baseline, followed by a longitudinal analysis of vaccine uptake in the hesitant cohort. We analysed survey data from the Real-time Assessment of Community Transmission (REACT) studies, which monitored the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England during the COVID-19 pandemic at regular intervals from May 1, 2020, to March 31, 2022, in random samples of the population. Participants self-reported detailed sociodemographic information, vaccination status, and attitudes towards vaccination. Participants were classified as hesitant if they reported that they had refused, planned to refuse, or had not yet decided whether to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Participants who said they were unvaccinated when NHS records showed that they had been vaccinated were excluded from further analysis. The primary outcome of the cross-sectional analysis was vaccine hesitancy. Longitudinal analysis of vaccine uptake was done in participants in the hesitant cohort who consented to the use of linked NHS vaccination records to track their vaccination history after the survey, with post-survey vaccination as the outcome. Consensus clustering was used to categorise reasons for vaccine hesitancy, and cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses used logistic regression models to identify demographic pr
AU  - Whitaker,M
AU  - Elliott,J
AU  - Gerard-Ursin,I
AU  - Cooke,GS
AU  - Donnelly,CA
AU  - Ward,H
AU  - Elliott,P
AU  - Chadeau-Hyam,M
DO  - 10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01912-9
PY  - 2026///
SN  - 0140-6736
TI  - Profiling vaccine attitudes and subsequent uptake in 1·1 million people in England: a nationwide cohort study
T2  - The Lancet
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01912-9
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01912-9
ER  - 

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