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  • Journal article
    Qi Y, Ergun R, Pathak N, Phan TD, Burch JL, Chasapis A, Li TC, Schwartz SJ, Ahmadi N, Vo T, Eriksson S, Newman D, Usanova M, Wilder FDet al., 2024,

    Investigation of a Magnetic Reconnection Event with Extraordinarily High Particle Energization in Magnetotail Turbulence

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 962, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Trotta D, Larosa A, Nicolaou G, Horbury TS, Matteini L, Hietala H, Blanco-Cano X, Franci L, Chen CHK, Zhao L, Zank GP, Cohen CMS, Bale SD, Laker R, Fargette N, Valentini F, Khotyaintsev Y, Kieokaew R, Raouafi N, Davies E, Vainio R, Dresing N, Kilpua E, Karlsson T, Owen CJ, Wimmer-Schweingruber RFet al., 2024,

    Properties of an Interplanetary Shock Observed at 0.07 and 0.7 au by Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter

    , The Astrophysical Journal, Vol: 962, Pages: 147-147, ISSN: 0004-637X

    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and Solar Orbiter (SolO) missions opened a new observational window in the inner heliosphere, which is finally accessible to direct measurements. On 2022 September 5, a coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven interplanetary (IP) shock was observed as close as 0.07 au by PSP. The CME then reached SolO, which was radially well-aligned at 0.7 au, thus providing us with the opportunity to study the shock properties at different heliocentric distances. We characterize the shock, investigate its typical parameters, and compare its small-scale features at both locations. Using the PSP observations, we investigate how magnetic switchbacks and ion cyclotron waves are processed upon shock crossing. We find that switchbacks preserve their V–B correlation while compressed upon the shock passage, and that the signature of ion cyclotron waves disappears downstream of the shock. By contrast, the SolO observations reveal a very structured shock transition, with a population of shock-accelerated protons of up to about 2 MeV, showing irregularities in the shock downstream, which we correlate with solar wind structures propagating across the shock. At SolO, we also report the presence of low-energy (∼100 eV) electrons scattering due to upstream shocklets. This study elucidates how the local features of IP shocks and their environments can be very different as they propagate through the heliosphere.</jats:p>
  • Journal article
    Laker R, Horbury TS, O'Brien H, Fauchon-Jones EJ, Angelini V, Fargette N, Amerstorfer T, Bauer M, Moestl C, Davies EE, Davies JA, Harrison R, Barnes D, Dumbovic Met al., 2024,

    Using Solar Orbiter as an Upstream Solar Wind Monitor for Real Time Space Weather Predictions

    , SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS, Vol: 22
  • Journal article
    Jones GH, Snodgrass C, Tubiana C, Kuppers M, Kawakita H, Lara LM, Agarwal J, Andre N, Attree N, Auster U, Bagnulo S, Bannister M, Beth A, Bowles N, Coates A, Colangeli L, van Damme CC, Da Deppo V, De Keyser J, Della Corte V, Edberg N, El-Maarry MR, Faggi S, Fulle M, Funase R, Galand M, Goetz C, Groussin O, Guilbert-Lepoutre A, Henri P, Kasahara S, Kereszturi A, Kidger M, Knight M, Kokotanekova R, Kolmasova I, Kossacki K, Kuehrt E, Kwon Y, La Forgia F, Levasseur-Regourd A-C, Lippi M, Longobardo A, Marschall R, Morawski M, Munoz O, Naesilae A, Nilsson H, Opitom C, Pajusalu M, Pommerol A, Prech L, Rando N, Ratti F, Rothkaehl H, Rotundi A, Rubin M, Sakatani N, Sanchez JP, Simon Wedlund C, Stankov A, Thomas N, Toth I, Villanueva G, Vincent J-B, Volwerk M, Wurz P, Wielders A, Yoshioka K, Aleksiejuk K, Alvarez F, Amoros C, Aslam S, Atamaniuk B, Baran J, Barcinski T, Beck T, Behnke T, Berglund M, Bertini I, Bieda M, Binczyk P, Busch M-D, Cacovean A, Capria MT, Carr C, Castro Marin JM, Ceriotti M, Chioetto P, Chuchra-Konrad A, Cocola L, Colin F, Crews C, Cripps V, Cupido E, Dassatti A, Davidsson BJR, De Roche T, Deca J, Del Togno S, Dhooghe F, Donaldson Hanna K, Eriksson A, Fedorov A, Fernandez-Valenzuela E, Ferretti S, Floriot J, Frassetto F, Fredriksson J, Garnier P, Gawel D, Genot V, Gerber T, Glassmeier K-H, Granvik M, Grison B, Gunell H, Hachemi T, Hagen C, Hajra R, Harada Y, Hasiba J, Haslebacher N, De La Revilla MLH, Hestroffer D, Hewagama T, Holt C, Hviid S, Iakubivskyi I, Inno L, Irwin P, Ivanovski S, Jansky J, Jernej I, Jeszenszky H, Jimenez J, Jorda L, Kama M, Kameda S, Kelley MSP, Klepacki K, Kohout T, Kojima H, Kowalski T, Kuwabara M, Ladno M, Laky G, Lammer H, Lan R, Lavraud B, Lazzarin M, Le Duff O, Lee Q-M, Lesniak C, Lewis Z, Lin Z-Y, Lister T, Lowry S, Magnes W, Markkanen J, Martinez Navajas I, Martins Z, Matsuoka A, Matyjasiak B, Mazelle C, Mazzotta Epifani E, Meier M, Michaelis H, Micheli M, Migliorini A, Millet A-L, Moreno F, Mottola S, Moutounaick B, Muet al., 2024,

    The Comet Interceptor mission

    , Space Science Reviews, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308

    Here we describe the novel, multi-point Comet Interceptor mission. It is dedicated to the exploration of a little-processed long-period comet, possibly entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or to encounter an interstellar object originating at another star. The objectives of the mission are to address the following questions: What are the surface composition, shape, morphology, and structure of the target object? What is the composition of the gas and dust in the coma, its connection to the nucleus, and the nature of its interaction with the solar wind? The mission was proposed to the European Space Agency in 2018, and formally adopted by the agency in June 2022, for launch in 2029 together with the Ariel mission. Comet Interceptor will take advantage of the opportunity presented by ESA’s F-Class call for fast, flexible, low-cost missions to which it was proposed. The call required a launch to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. The mission can take advantage of this placement to wait for the discovery of a suitable comet reachable with its minimum ΔV capability of 600 ms-1. Comet Interceptor will be unique in encountering and studying, at a nominal closest approach distance of 1000 km, a comet that represents a near-pristine sample of material from the formation of the Solar System. It will also add a capability that no previous cometary mission has had, which is to deploy two sub-probes – B1, provided by the Japanese space agency, JAXA, and B2 – that will follow different trajectories through the coma. While the main probe passes at a nominal 1000 km distance, probes B1 and B2 will follow different chords through the coma at distances of 850 km and 400 km, respectively. The result will be unique, simultaneous, spatially resolved information of the 3-dimensional properties of the target comet and its interaction with the space environment. We present the mission’s science background leading to these objectives, as
  • Journal article
    Louarn P, Fedorov A, Prech L, Owen CJ, D'Amicis R, Bruno R, Livi S, Lavraud B, Rouillard AP, Genot V, Andre N, Fruit G, Reville V, Kieokaew R, Plotnikov I, Penou E, Barthe A, Lewis G, Berthomier M, Allegrini F, Alterman BL, Lepri ST, Raines JM, Verscharen D, Mele G, Fargette N, Horbury TS, Maksimovic M, Kasper JC, Bale SDet al., 2024,

    Skewness and kurtosis of solar wind proton distribution functions: The normal inverse-Gaussian model and its implications

    , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 682, ISSN: 0004-6361
  • Journal article
    Wells CD, Kasoar M, Ezzati M, Voulgarakis Aet al., 2024,

    Significant human health co-benefits of mitigating African emissions

    , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 24, Pages: 1025-1039, ISSN: 1680-7316

    Future African aerosol emissions, and therefore air pollution levels and health outcomes, are uncertain and understudied. Understanding the future health impacts of pollutant emissions from this region is crucial. Here, this research gap is addressed by studying the range in the future health impacts of aerosol emissions from Africa in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, using the UK Earth System Model version 1 (UKESM1), along with human health concentration-response functions. The effects of Africa following a high-pollution aerosol pathway are studied relative to a low-pollution control, with experiments varying aerosol emissions from industry and biomass burning. Using present-day demographics, annual deaths within Africa attributable to ambient particulate matter are estimated to be lower by 150 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 67 000-234 000) under stronger African aerosol mitigation by 2090, while those attributable to O3 are lower by 15 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 9000-21 000). The particulate matter health benefits are realised predominantly within Africa, with the O3-driven benefits being more widespread - though still concentrated in Africa - due to the longer atmospheric lifetime of O3. These results demonstrate the important health co-benefits from future emission mitigation in Africa.
  • Journal article
    Gershman DJ, Fuselier SA, Cohen IJ, Turner DL, Liu Y-H, Chen L-J, Phan TD, Stawarz JE, Dibraccio GA, Masters A, Ebert RW, Sun W, Harada Y, Swisdak Met al., 2024,

    Magnetic reconnection at planetary bodies and astrospheres

    , Space Science Reviews, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308

    Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental mechanism for the transport of mass and energy in planetary magnetospheres and astrospheres. While the process of reconnection is itself ubiquitous across a multitude of systems, the techniques used for its analysis can vary across scientific disciplines. Here we frame the latest understanding of reconnection theory by missions such as NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission for use throughout the solar system and beyond. We discuss how reconnection can couple magnetized obstacles to both sub- and super-magnetosonic upstream flows. In addition, we address the need to model sheath plasmas and field-line draping around an obstacle to accurately parameterize the possibility for reconnection to occur. We conclude with a discussion of how reconnection energy conversion rates scale throughout the solar system. The results presented are not only applicable to within our solar system but also to astrospheres and exoplanets, such as the first recently detected exoplanet magnetosphere of HAT-11-1b.
  • Journal article
    Tsui EYL, Chan PW, Toumi R, 2024,

    Boundary layer profile of decaying and non-decaying tropical storms near landfall

    , Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol: 25, ISSN: 1530-261X

    The vertical profile of the wind structure of translating tropical cyclones, including the associated azimuthal asymmetry, has been the subject of existing theoretical and observational studies using dropsondes. Most of these studies are based on data collected from relatively strong cyclones over the Atlantic. Here we explore the tropical cyclone boundary layer wind profile of mainly relatively weak landfalling cyclones near Hong Kong. We find that decaying tropical storms have a much larger mid- to low-level inflow angle than those that are intensifying or in steady-state. The inflow angles of intensifying, steady-state and decaying tropical storms converge towards the top of the boundary layer. The wind speed reduces through the boundary layer in a similar way in all three cases. The combination of these factors means that decaying tropical storms have stronger inflow than intensifying and steady-state ones. We attribute these local effects to remote enhanced surface friction over land when the storms are weakening.
  • Journal article
    Chen L, Ma B, Wu D, Zhou X, Pulupa M, Zhang P, Zucca P, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Duan Set al., 2024,

    Weak Solar Radio Bursts from the Solar Wind Acceleration Region Observed by the Parker Solar Probe and Its Probable Emission Mechanism

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Krupar V, Kruparova O, Szabo A, Nemec F, Maksimovic M, Oliveros JCM, Lario D, Bonnin X, Vecchio A, Pulupa M, Bale SDet al., 2024,

    Comparative Analysis of Type III Radio Bursts and Solar Flares: Spatial Localization and Correlation with Solar Flare Intensity

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Mcmanus MD, Klein KG, Bale SD, Bowen TA, Huang J, Larson D, Livi R, Rahmati A, Romeo O, Verniero J, Whittlesey Pet al., 2024,

    Proton- and Alpha-driven Instabilities in an Ion Cyclotron Wave Event

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Hosner M, Nakamura R, Schmid D, Nakamura TKM, Panov EV, Volwerk M, Vörös Z, Roberts OW, Blasl KA, Settino A, Korovinskiy D, Marshall AT, Denton RE, Burch JL, Giles BL, Torbert RB, Le Contel O, Escoubet CP, Dandouras IS, Carr C, Fazakerley ANet al., 2024,

    Reconnection inside a Dipolarization Front of a diverging Earthward fast flow

    , JGR: Space Physics, Vol: 129, ISSN: 2169-9402

    We examine a Dipolarization Front (DF) event with an embedded electron diffusion region (EDR), observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft on 08 September 2018 at 14:51:30 UT in the Earth's magnetotail by applying multi-scale multipoint analysis methods. In order to study the large-scale context of this DF, we use conjunction observations of the Cluster spacecraft together with MMS. A polynomial magnetic field reconstruction technique is applied to MMS data to characterize the embedded electron current sheet including its velocity and the X-line exhaust opening angle. Our results show that the MMS and Cluster spacecraft were located in two counter-rotating vortex flows, and such flows may distort a flux tube in a way that the local magnetic shear angle is increased and localized magnetic reconnection may be triggered. Using multi-point data from MMS we further show that the local normalized reconnection rate is in the range of R ∼ 0.16 to 0.18. We find a highly asymmetric electron in- and outflow structure, consistent with previous simulations on strong guide-field reconnection events. This study shows that magnetic reconnection may not only take place at large-scale stable magnetopause or magnetotail current sheets but also in transient localized current sheets, produced as a consequence of the interaction between the fast Earthward flows and the Earth's dipole field.
  • Journal article
    Walach M-T, Soobiah Y, Carter JA, Whiter DK, Kavanagh AJ, Hartinger MD, Oksavik K, Salzano ML, Archer MOet al., 2024,

    SMILE winter campaign

    , RAS Techniques and Instruments, Vol: 3, Pages: 556-564, ISSN: 2752-8200

    This white paper is highly topical as it relates to the upcoming solar wind magnetosphere ionosphere link explorer (SMILE) mission: SMILE is a joint mission between the European Space Agency and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and it aims to build a more complete understanding of the Sun–Earth connection by measuring the solar wind and its dynamic interaction with the magnetosphere. It is a fully funded mission with a projected launch in 2025. This paper outlines a plan for action for SMILE’s first Northern hemisphere winter campaign using ground-based instruments. We outline open questions and which data and techniques can be employed to answer them. The science themes we discuss are: (i) Earth’s magnetosheath, magnetopause, and magnetic cusp impact on the ionospheric cusp region; (ii) defining the relationship between auroral processes, solar wind, and magnetospheric drivers; (iii) understanding the interhemispheric properties of the Earth’s magnetosphere–ionosphere system. We discuss open questions (different to the mission goals) which may be answered using existing ground-based instrumentation together with SMILE data to leverage the maximum scientific return of the mission during the first winter after launch. This paper acts as a resource for planning, and a call to collaborative action for the scientific community.
  • Book chapter
    Beth A, Galand M, Wedlund CS, Eriksson Aet al., 2024,

    Cometary Ionospheres: An Updated Tutorial

    , Comets III, Publisher: The University of Arizona Press, ISBN: 9780816553631
  • Journal article
    Jaison AM, Gray LJ, Osprey SM, Knight JR, Andrews MBet al., 2024,

    Role of the quasi-biennial oscillation in alleviating biases in the semi-annual oscillation

    , Weather and Climate Dynamics, Vol: 5, Pages: 1489-1504
  • Journal article
    Jaison AM, Gray LJ, Osprey S, Smith AK, Garcia RRet al., 2024,

    A momentum budget study of the semi-annual oscillation in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

    , Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol: 150, Pages: 3544-3565

    Abstract The representation of the semi-annual oscillation (SAO) in climate models shows a common easterly bias of several tens of metres per second compared to observations. These biases could be due to deficiencies in eastward tropical wave forcing, the position or strength of the climatological summertime jet or the strength/timing of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. This motivates further analysis of the momentum budget of the upper stratosphere within models and a more detailed comparison with reanalyses to determine the origin of the bias. In this study, the transformed Eulerian mean momentum equation is used to evaluate the different forcing terms that contribute to the SAO in the MERRA2 reanalysis dataset. This is then compared with the equivalent analysis using data from a climate simulation of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The comparison shows that WACCM underestimates eastward forcing by both resolved and parameterised waves at equatorial latitudes when compared with MERRA2 and also has a weaker tropical upwelling above 1 hPa.
  • Journal article
    Quilelli Correa Rocha Ribeiro R, Gryspeerdt E, van Reeuwijk M, 2023,

    Retrieving cloud sensitivity to aerosol using ship emissions in overcast conditions

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 50, ISSN: 0094-8276

    The interaction between aerosols and clouds is one of the major uncertainties in past climate change, affecting the accuracy of future climate projections. Ship tracks, trails left in clouds through the addition of aerosol in the ship exhaust plume, have become a key observational tool for constraining aerosol-cloud interactions. However, manyexpected tracks remain undetected, presenting a significant gap in current knowledge of aerosol forcing. Here we leverage a plume-parcel model to simulate the impact of aerosol dispersion for 2957 cases off California’s coast on cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) enhancements. Plume-parcel models show a large sensitivity to updraft uncertainties, which are found to be a primary control on track formation. Using these plume-parcel models, updraft values consistent with observed CDNC enhancements are recovered, suggesting that relying solely on cloud-top radiative cooling may overestimate in-cloud updrafts by around 50%, hence overstating the cloud sensitivity to aerosols.
  • Journal article
    Laker R, Horbury TS, Woodham LD, Bale SD, Matteini Let al., 2023,

    Coherent deflection pattern and associated temperature enhancements in the near-Sun solar wind

    , MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 527, Pages: 10440-10447, ISSN: 0035-8711
  • Journal article
    Wilson III LB, Stevens ML, Kasper JC, Klein KG, Maruca BA, Bale SD, Bowen TA, Pulupa MP, Salem CSet al., 2023,

    The Statistical Properties of Solar Wind Temperature Parameters Near 1 au (vol 236, 41, 2018)

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 269, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Rasca AP, Farrell WM, Gruesbeck JR, MacDowall RJ, Bale SD, Kasper JCet al., 2023,

    Switchbacks and Associated Magnetic Holes Observed near the Alfvén Critical Surface

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 959, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Giacalone J, Cohen CMS, Mccomas DJ, Chen X, Dayeh MA, Matthaeus WH, Klein KG, Bale SD, Christian ER, Desai MI, Hill ME, Khoo LY, Lario D, Leske RA, Mcnutt Jr RL, Mitchell DG, Mitchell JG, Malandraki O, Schwadron NAet al., 2023,

    Analyses of ∼0.05-2 MeV Ions Associated with the 2022 February 16 Energetic Storm Particle Event Observed by Parker Solar Probe

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 958, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Sishtla CP, Jebaraj IC, Pomoell J, Magyar N, Pulupa M, Kilpua E, Bale SDet al., 2023,

    The Effect of the Parametric Decay Instability on the Morphology of Coronal Type III Radio Bursts

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 959, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Clear CP, Pickering JC, Nave G, Uylings P, Raassen Tet al., 2023,

    Wavelengths and Energy Levels of the Upper Levels of Singly Ionized Nickel (Ni <sc>ii</sc>) from 3<i>d</i> <SUP>8</SUP>(<SUP>3</SUP> <i>F</i>)5<i>f</i> to 3<i>d</i> <SUP>8</SUP>(<SUP>3</SUP> <i>F</i>)9<i>s</i>

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 269, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Kuzichev IV, Vasko IY, Artemyev AV, Bale SD, Mozer FSet al., 2023,

    Particle-in-Cell Simulations of Sunward and Anti-sunward Whistler Waves in the Solar Wind

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 959, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Krasnoselskikh V, Zaslavsky A, Artemyev A, Froment C, Dudok de Wit T, Raouafi NE, Agapitov OV, Bale SD, Verniero JLet al., 2023,

    Ion Kinetics of Plasma Interchange Reconnection in the Lower Solar Corona

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 959, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Hartinger MD, Elsden T, Archer MO, Takahashi K, Wright AN, Artemyev A, Zhang X, Angelopoulos Vet al., 2023,

    Properties of Magnetohydrodynamic normal modes in the Earth's magnetosphere

    , JGR: Space Physics, Vol: 128, ISSN: 2169-9402

    The Earth's magnetosphere supports a variety of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) normal modes with Ultra Low Frequencies (ULF) including standing Alfvén waves and cavity/waveguide modes. Their amplitudes and frequencies depend in part on the properties of the magnetosphere (size of cavity, wave speed distribution). In this work, we use ∼13 years of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite magnetic field observations, combined with linearized MHD numerical simulations, to examine the properties of MHD normal modes in the region L > 5 and for frequencies <80 mHz. We identify persistent normal mode structure in observed dawn sector power spectra with frequency-dependent wave power peaks like those obtained from simulation ensemble averages, where the simulations assume different radial Alfvén speed profiles and magnetopause locations. We further show with both observations and simulations how frequency-dependent wave power peaks at L > 5 depend on both the magnetopause location and the location of peaks in the radial Alfvén speed profile. Finally, we discuss how these results might be used to better model radiation belt electron dynamics related to ULF waves.
  • Journal article
    Hwang K-J, Nakamura R, Eastwood JP, Fuselier SA, Hasegawa H, Nakamura T, Lavraud B, Dokgo K, Turner DL, Ergun RE, Reiff PHet al., 2023,

    Cross-scale processes of magnetic reconnection

    , Space Science Reviews, Vol: 219, ISSN: 0038-6308

    Various physical processes in association with magnetic reconnection occur over multiple scales from the microscopic to macroscopic scale lengths. This paper reviews multi-scale and cross-scale aspects of magnetic reconnection revealed in the near-Earth space beyond the general global-scale features and magnetospheric circulation organized by the Dungey Cycle. Significant and novel advancements recently reported, in particular, since the launch of the Magnetospheric Multi-scale mission (MMS), are highlighted being categorized into different locations with different magnetic topologies. These potentially paradigm-shifting findings include shock and foreshock transient driven reconnection, magnetosheath turbulent reconnection, flow shear driven reconnection, multiple X-line structures generated in the dayside/flankside/nightside magnetospheric current sheets, development and evolution of reconnection-driven structures such as flux transfer events, flux ropes, and dipolarization fronts, and their interactions with ambient plasmas. The paper emphasizes key aspects of kinetic processes leading to multi-scale structures and bringing large-scale impacts of magnetic reconnection as discovered in the geospace environment. These key features can be relevant and applicable to understanding other heliospheric and astrophysical systems.
  • Journal article
    Rosenfeld D, Kokhanovsky A, Goren T, Gryspeerdt E, Hasekamp O, Jia H, Lopatin A, Quaas J, Pan Z, Sourdeval Oet al., 2023,

    Frontiers in satellite‐based estimates of cloud‐mediated aerosol forcing

    , Reviews of Geophysics, Vol: 61, ISSN: 8755-1209

    Atmospheric aerosols affect the Earth's climate in many ways, including acting as the seeds on which cloud droplets form. Since a large fraction of these particles is anthropogenic, the clouds' microphysical and radiative characteristics are influenced by human activity on a global scale leading to important climatic effects. The respective change in the energy budget at the top of the atmosphere is defined as the effective radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interaction (ERFaci). It is estimated that the ERFaci offsets presently nearly 1/4 of the greenhouse-induced warming, but the uncertainty is within a factor of two. A common method to calculate the ERFaci is by the multiplication of the susceptibility of the cloud radiative effect to changes in aerosols by the anthropogenic change of the aerosol concentration. This has to be done by integrating it over all cloud regimes. Here we review the various methods of the ERFaci estimation. Global measurements require satellites' global coverage. The challenge of quantifying aerosol amounts in cloudy atmospheres are met with the rapid development of novel methodologies reviewed here. The aerosol characteristics can be retrieved from space based on their optical properties, including polarization. The concentrations of the aerosols that serve as cloud drop condensation nuclei can be also estimated from their impact on the satellite-retrieved cloud drop number concentrations. These observations are critical for reducing the uncertainty in the ERFaci calculated from global climate models (GCMs), but further development is required to allow GCMs to properly simulate and benefit these novel observables.
  • Journal article
    Klein KG, Spence H, Alexandrova O, Argall M, Arzamasskiy L, Bookbinder J, Broeren T, Caprioli D, Case A, Chandran B, Chen L-J, Dors I, Eastwood J, Forsyth C, Galvin A, Genot V, Halekas J, Hesse M, Hine B, Horbury T, Jian L, Kasper J, Kretzschmar M, Kunz M, Lavraud B, Le Contel O, Mallet A, Maruca B, Matthaeus W, Niehof J, OBrien H, Owen C, Retinò A, Reynolds C, Roberts O, Schekochihin A, Skoug R, Smith C, Smith S, Steinberg J, Stevens M, Szabo A, TenBarge J, Torbert R, Vasquez B, Verscharen D, Whittlesey P, Wickizer B, Zank G, Zweibel Eet al., 2023,

    HelioSwarm: a multipoint, multiscale mission to characterize turbulence

    , Space Science Reviews, Vol: 219, ISSN: 0038-6308

    HelioSwarm (HS) is a NASA Medium-Class Explorer mission of the Heliophysics Division designed to explore the dynamic three-dimensional mechanisms controlling the physics of plasma turbulence, a ubiquitous process occurring in the heliosphere and in plasmas throughout the universe. This will be accomplished by making simultaneous measurements at nine spacecraft with separations spanning magnetohydrodynamic and sub-ion spatial scales in a variety of near-Earth plasmas. In this paper, we describe the scientific background for the HS investigation, the mission goals and objectives, the observatory reference trajectory and instrumentation implementation before the start of Phase B. Through multipoint, multiscale measurements, HS promises to reveal how energy is transferred across scales and boundaries in plasmas throughout the universe.
  • Journal article
    Eglinton TI, Graven HD, Raymond PA, Trumbore SE, Aluwihare L, Bard E, Basu S, Friedlingstein P, Hammer S, Lester J, Sanderman J, Schuur EAG, Sierra CA, Synal H-A, Turnbull JC, Wacker Let al., 2023,

    Making the case for an International Decade of Radiocarbon

    , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol: 381, ISSN: 1364-503X

    Radiocarbon (14C) is a critical tool for understanding the global carbon cycle. During the Anthropocene, two new processes influenced 14C in atmospheric, land and ocean carbon reservoirs. First, 14C-free carbon derived from fossil fuel burning has diluted 14C, at rates that have accelerated with time. Second, 'bomb' 14C produced by atmospheric nuclear weapon tests in the mid-twentieth century provided a global isotope tracer that is used to constrain rates of air-sea gas exchange, carbon turnover, large-scale atmospheric and ocean transport, and other key C cycle processes. As we write, the 14C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 is dropping below pre-industrial levels, and the rate of decline in the future will depend on global fossil fuel use and net exchange of bomb 14C between the atmosphere, ocean and land. This milestone coincides with a rapid increase in 14C measurement capacity worldwide. Leveraging future 14C measurements to understand processes and test models requires coordinated international effort-a 'decade of radiocarbon' with multiple goals: (i) filling observational gaps using archives, (ii) building and sustaining observation networks to increase measurement density across carbon reservoirs, (iii) developing databases, synthesis and modelling tools and (iv) establishing metrics for identifying and verifying changes in carbon sources and sinks. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon in the Anthropocene'.

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