@article{Lee:2025:10.1016/j.newton.2025.100359,
author = {Lee, J and Omkar, S and Teo, YS and Lee, S-H and Kwon, H and Kim, MS and Jeong, H},
doi = {10.1016/j.newton.2025.100359},
journal = {Newton},
title = {Photonic hybrid quantum computing},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newton.2025.100359},
year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - Photons are a ubiquitous carrier of quantum information: they are fast, suffer minimal decoherence, and do not require huge cryogenic facilities. Nevertheless, their intrinsically weak photon-photon interactions remain a key obstacle to scalable quantum computing. This review surveys hybrid photonic quantum computing, which exploits multiple photonic degrees of freedom to combine the complementary strengths of discrete and bosonic encodings, thereby significantly mitigating the challenge of weak photon-photon interactions. We first outline the basic principles of discrete-variable, native continuous-variable, and bosonic-encoding paradigms. We then summarize recent theoretical advances and state-of-the-art experimental demonstrations with a particular emphasis on the hybrid approach. Its unique advantages, such as efficient generation of resource states and nearly ballistic (active-feedforward-free) operations, are highlighted alongside the remaining technical challenges. To facilitate a clear comparison, we explicitly present the error thresholds and resource overheads required for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Our work offers a focused overview that clarifies how the hybrid approach enables scalable and compatible architectures for quantum computing.
AU  - Lee,J
AU  - Omkar,S
AU  - Teo,YS
AU  - Lee,S-H
AU  - Kwon,H
AU  - Kim,MS
AU  - Jeong,H
DO  - 10.1016/j.newton.2025.100359
PY  - 2025///
SN  - 2950-6360
TI  - Photonic hybrid quantum computing
T2  - Newton
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newton.2025.100359
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newton.2025.100359
ER  - 

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