@article{Zhang:2026:10.1038/s41467-026-73762-1,
author = {Zhang, S and Wang, B and Siemons, N and Anderson, I and Wang, S and Kong, Y and Ye, J-T and Chen, X-K and Wang, M and Yu, X and Yang, C-Y and Li, Y and Fabiano, S and Nelson, J and Ma, W},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-73762-1},
journal = {Nat Commun},
title = {Delayed cation dynamics enables dual-doped organic electrochemical transistors with high current sensitivity.},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73762-1},
year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
AB  - The coupling between ionic and electronic species and their dynamic interplay lay the foundation for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) to transduce and amplify bio(chemical) signals through ion-modulated conductivity. However, the operation of most reported OECTs is typically dominated by single ions, e.g. anions for p-type accumulation devices, mainly due to the challenge of regulating ion dynamics to enable both types of ions to play a role during the electrochemical doping process. In this study, we propose that electrochemical doping of an OECT channel can occur via an anion-cation dual-doping mechanism, where cation expulsion and anion injection occur simultaneously. By designing a p-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor, Pu2gT, with strong side chain-cation interactions, we successfully decelerate the cation transport dynamics, allowing the dual-doping process to occur. As a result, Pu2gT OECT exhibits improved current sensitivity compared with the anion-dominated counterpart, showing potential in high-quality electrocardiogram signal acquisition and ion concentration discrimination. Furthermore, incorporating crown ether additives into Pu2gT enhances the dual-doping effect by further delaying cation dynamics, leading to even higher device performance. This dual-doping mechanism deepens the understanding of OECT working principles and opens avenues for achieving state-of-the-art bioelectronic devices.
AU  - Zhang,S
AU  - Wang,B
AU  - Siemons,N
AU  - Anderson,I
AU  - Wang,S
AU  - Kong,Y
AU  - Ye,J-T
AU  - Chen,X-K
AU  - Wang,M
AU  - Yu,X
AU  - Yang,C-Y
AU  - Li,Y
AU  - Fabiano,S
AU  - Nelson,J
AU  - Ma,W
DO  - 10.1038/s41467-026-73762-1
PY  - 2026///
TI  - Delayed cation dynamics enables dual-doped organic electrochemical transistors with high current sensitivity.
T2  - Nat Commun
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73762-1
UR  - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42225624
ER  - 

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