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• Journal article
  Shoaee S, Mehraeen S, Labram JG, Bredas J-L, Bradley DDC, Coropceanu V, Anthopoulos TD, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Correlating Non-Geminate Recombination with Film Structure: A Comparison of Polythiophene: Fullerene Bilayer and Blend Films

  , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS, Vol: 5, Pages: 3669-3676, ISSN: 1948-7185
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  • Citations: 9
• Journal article
  Gevorgyan SA, Corazza M, Madsen MV, Bardizza G, Pozza A, Muellejans H, Blakesley JC, Dibb GFA, Castro FA, Trigo JF, Guillen CM, Herrero JR, Morvillo P, Maglione MG, Minarini C, Roca F, Cros S, Seraine C, Law CH, Tuladhar PS, Durrant JR, Krebs FCet al., 2014,

  Interlaboratory indoor ageing of roll-to-roll and spin coated organic photovoltaic devices: Testing the ISOS tests

  , POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY, Vol: 109, Pages: 162-170, ISSN: 0141-3910
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  • Citations: 17
• Journal article
  Reynal A, Willkomm J, Muresan NM, Lakadamyali F, Planells M, Reisner E, Durrant Jet al., 2014,

  Distance dependent charge separation and recombination in semiconductor / molecular catalyst systems for water splitting

  , Chem. Commun., ISSN: 1359-7345
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• Journal article
  Credgington D, Liu S-W, Nelson J, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  In Situ Measurement of Energy Level Shifts and Recombination Rates in Subphthalocyanine/C₆₀ Bilayer Solar Cells

  , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 118, Pages: 22858-22864, ISSN: 1932-7447
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  • Citations: 18
• Journal article
  Foster S, Deledalle F, Mitani A, Kimura T, Kim K-B, Okachi T, Kirchartz T, Oguma J, Miyake K, Durrant JR, Doi S, Nelson Jet al., 2014,

  Electron Collection as a Limit to Polymer:PCBM Solar Cell Efficiency: Effect of Blend Microstructure on Carrier Mobility and Device Performance in PTB7:PCBM

  , ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS, Vol: 4, ISSN: 1614-6832
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  • Citations: 162
• Journal article
  Schroeder BC, Li Z, Brady MA, Faria GC, Ashraf RS, Takacs CJ, Cowart JS, Duong DT, Chiu KH, Tan C-H, Cabral JT, Salleo A, Chabinyc ML, Durrant JR, McCulloch Iet al., 2014,

  Enhancing fullerene-based solar cell lifetimes by addition of a fullerene dumbbell

  , Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, Vol: 53, Pages: 12870-12875, ISSN: 1521-3773

  Cost-effective, solution-processable organic photovoltaics (OPV) present an interesting alternative to inorganic silicon-based solar cells. However, one of the major remaining challenges of OPV devices is their lack of long-term operational stability, especially at elevated temperatures. The synthesis of a fullerene dumbbell and its use as an additive in the active layer of a PCDTBT:PCBM-based OPV device is reported. The addition of only 20 % of this novel fullerene not only leads to improved device efficiencies, but more importantly also to a dramatic increase in morphological stability under simulated operating conditions. Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (DSIMS) and TEM are used, amongst other techniques, to elucidate the origins of the improved morphological stability.

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• Journal article
  Law C, Miseikis L, Dimitrov S, Shakya-Tuladhar P, Li X, Barnes PRF, Durrant J, O'Regan BCet al., 2014,

  Performance and Stability of Lead Perovskite/TiO₂, Polymer/PCBM, and Dye Sensitized Solar Cells at Light Intensities up to 70 Suns

  , ADVANCED MATERIALS, Vol: 26, Pages: 6268-6273, ISSN: 0935-9648
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  • Citations: 105
• Journal article
  Pendlebury SR, Wang X, Le Formal F, Cornuz M, Kafizas A, Tilley SD, Graetzel M, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Ultrafast charge carrier recombination and trapping in hematite photoanodes under applied bias

  , Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol: 136, Pages: 9854-9857, ISSN: 0002-7863

  Transient absorption spectroscopy on subpicosecond to second time scales is used to investigate photogenerated charge carrier recombination in Si-doped nanostructured hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanodes as a function of applied bias. For unbiased hematite, this recombination exhibits a 50% decay time of ∼6 ps, ∼103 times faster than that of TiO2 under comparable conditions. Anodic bias significantly retards hematite recombination dynamics, and causes the appearance of electron trapping on ps−μs time scales. These ultrafast recombination dynamics, their retardation by applied bias, and the associated electron trapping are discussed in terms of their implications for efficient water oxidation.

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• Journal article
  Deledalle F, Shakya Tuladhar P, Nelson J, Durrant JR, Kirchartz Tet al., 2014,

  Understanding the Apparent Charge Density Dependence of Mobility and Lifetime in Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

  , The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol: 118, Pages: 8837-8842, ISSN: 1932-7447
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• Journal article
  Dimitrov SD, Huang Z, Deledalle F, Nielsen CB, Schroeder BC, Ashraf RS, Shoaee S, McCulloch I, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Towards optimisation of photocurrent from fullerene excitons in organic solar cells

  , ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, Vol: 7, Pages: 1037-1043, ISSN: 1754-5692
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  • Citations: 44
• Journal article
  Gevorgyan SA, Zubillaga O, Maria Vega de Seoane J, Machado M, Parlak EA, Tore N, Voroshazi E, Aernouts T, Muellejans H, Bardizza G, Taylor N, Verhees W, Kroon JM, Morvillo P, Minarini C, Roca F, Castro FA, Cros S, Lechene B, Trigo JF, Guillen C, Herrero J, Zimmermann B, Sapkota SB, Veit C, Wuerfel U, Tuladhar PS, Durrant JR, Winter S, Rousu S, Valimaki M, Hinrichs V, Cowan SR, Olson DC, Sommer-Larsen P, Krebs FCet al., 2014,

  Round robin performance testing of organic photovoltaic devices

  , RENEWABLE ENERGY, Vol: 63, Pages: 376-387, ISSN: 0960-1481
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  • Citations: 16
• Journal article
  Soon YW, Shoaee S, Ashraf RS, Bronstein H, Schroeder BC, Zhang W, Fei Z, Heeney M, McCulloch I, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Material Crystallinity as a Determinant of Triplet Dynamics and Oxygen Quenching in Donor Polymers for Organic Photovoltaic Devices

  , ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Vol: 24, Pages: 1474-1482, ISSN: 1616-301X
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  • Citations: 85
• Journal article
  Buchaca-Domingo E, Ferguson AJ, Jamieson FC, McCarthy-Ward T, Shoaee S, Tumbleston JR, Reid OG, Yu L, Madec M-B, Pfannmoeller M, Hermerschmidt F, Schroeder RR, Watkins SE, Kopidakis N, Portale G, Amassian A, Heeney M, Ade H, Rumbles G, Durrant JR, Stingelin Net al., 2014,

  Additive-assisted supramolecular manipulation of polymer:fullerene blend phase morphologies and its influence on photophysical processes

  , MATERIALS HORIZONS, Vol: 1, Pages: 270-279, ISSN: 2051-6347
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  • Citations: 56
• Journal article
  Le Formal F, Pendlebury SR, Cornuz M, Tilley SD, Graetzel M, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Back electron-hole recombination in hematite photoanodes for water splitting

  , Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol: 136, Pages: 2564-2574, ISSN: 0002-7863

  The kinetic competition between electron–hole recombination and water oxidation is a key consideration for the development of efficient photoanodes for solar driven water splitting. In this study, we employed three complementary techniques, transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), transient photocurrent spectroscopy (TPC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), to address this issue for one of the most widely studied photoanode systems: nanostructured hematite thin films. For the first time, we show a quantitative agreement between all three techniques. In particular, all three methods show the presence of a recombination process on the 10 ms to 1 s time scale, with the time scale and yield of this loss process being dependent upon applied bias. From comparison of data between these techniques, we are able to assign this recombination phase to recombination of bulk hematite electrons with long-lived holes accumulated at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. The data from all three techniques are shown to be consistent with a simple kinetic model based on competition between this, bias dependent, recombination pathway and water oxidation by these long-lived holes. Contrary to most existing models, this simple model does not require the consideration of surface states located energetically inside the band gap. These data suggest two distinct roles for the space charge layer developed at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface under anodic bias. Under modest anodic bias (just anodic of flatband), this space charge layer enables the spatial separation of initially generated electrons and holes following photon absorption, generating relatively long-lived holes (milliseconds) at the semiconductor surface. However, under such modest bias conditions, the energetic barrier generated by the space charge layer field is insufficient to prevent the subsequent recombination of these holes with electrons in the semiconductor bulk on a time scale faster than wa

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• Journal article
  Wong HC, Li Z, Tan CH, Zhong H, Huang Z, Bronstein H, McCulloch I, Cabral JT, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Morphological Stability and Performance of Polymer-Fullerene Solar Cells under Thermal Stress: The Impact of Photoinduced PC₆₀BM Oligomerization

  , ACS NANO, Vol: 8, Pages: 1297-1308, ISSN: 1936-0851
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  • Citations: 125
• Journal article
  Shoaee S, Briscoe J, Durrant JR, Dunn Set al., 2014,

  Acoustic Enhancement of Polymer/ZnO Nanorod Photovoltaic Device Performance

  , ADVANCED MATERIALS, Vol: 26, Pages: 263-268, ISSN: 0935-9648
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  • Citations: 77
• Journal article
  Dimitrov SD, Durrant JR, 2014,

  Materials Design Considerations for Charge Generation in Organic Solar Cells

  , CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, Vol: 26, Pages: 616-630, ISSN: 0897-4756
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  • Citations: 247
• Journal article
  Shivanna R, Shoaee S, Dimitrov S, Kandappa SK, Rajaram S, Durrant JR, Narayan KSet al., 2014,

  Charge generation and transport in efficient organic bulk heterojunction solar cells with a perylene acceptor

  , ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, Vol: 7, Pages: 435-441, ISSN: 1754-5692
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• Journal article
  Ma Y, Pendlebury SR, Reynal A, Le Formal F, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Dynamics of photogenerated holes in undoped BiVO4 photoanodes for solar water oxidation

  , Chemical Science, Vol: 5, Pages: 2964-2973, ISSN: 2041-6520

  The dynamics of photogenerated holes in undoped BiVO4 photoanodes for water splitting were studied using transient absorption spectroscopy, correlated with photoelectrochemical and transient photocurrent data. Transient absorption signals of photogenerated holes were identified using electron/hole scavengers and applied electrical bias in a complete photoelectrochemical cell. The yield of long-lived (0.1-1 s) photogenerated holes is observed to correlate as a function of applied electrical bias with the width of the space charge layer, as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The transient absorption decay time constant of these long-lived holes is also observed to be dependent upon the applied bias, assigned to kinetic competition between water oxidation and recombination of these surface accumulated holes with bulk electrons across the space charge layer. The time constant for this slow recombination measured with transient absorption spectroscopy is shown to match the time constant of back electron transfer from the external circuit determined from chopped light transient photocurrent measurements, thus providing strong evidence for these assignments. The yield of water oxidation determined from these measurements, including consideration of both the yield of long-lived holes, and the fraction of these holes which are lost due to back electron/hole recombination, is observed to be in good agreement with the photocurrent density measured for BiVO4 photoanodes as a function of bias under continuous irradiation. Overall these results indicate two distinct recombination processes which limit photocurrent generation in BiVO4 photoanodes: firstly rapid ([less-than-or-equal]microseconds) electron/hole recombination, and secondly recombination of surface-accumulated holes with bulk BiVO4 electrons. This second 'back electron transfer' recombination occurs on the milliseconds-seconds timescale, and is only avoided at strong anodic biases where the potentia

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• Journal article
  Razzell-Hollis J, Wade J, Tsoi WC, Soon Y, Durrant J, Kim J-Set al., 2014,

  Photochemical stability of high efficiency PTB7:PC₇₀BM solar cell blends

  , JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, Vol: 2, Pages: 20189-20195, ISSN: 2050-7488
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  • Citations: 142
• Journal article
  Huang Z, Fregoso EC, Dimitrov S, Tuladhar PS, Soon YW, Bronstein H, Meager I, Zhang W, McCulloch I, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Optimisation of diketopyrrolopyrrole:fullerene solar cell performance through control of polymer molecular weight and thermal annealing

  , JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, Vol: 2, Pages: 19282-19289, ISSN: 2050-7488
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  • Citations: 25
• Journal article
  Beatrup D, Wade J, Biniek L, Bronstein H, Hurhangee M, Kim J-S, McCulloch I, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Polaron stability in semiconducting polymer neat films

  , CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 50, Pages: 14425-14428, ISSN: 1359-7345
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  • Citations: 15
• Journal article
  Planells M, Nikolka M, Hurhangee M, Tuladhar PS, White AJP, Durrant JR, Sirringhaus H, McCulloch Iet al., 2014,

  The effect of thiadiazole out-backbone displacement in indacenodithiophene semiconductor polymers

  , JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 2, Pages: 8789-8795, ISSN: 2050-7526
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  • Citations: 24
• Journal article
  Pastor E, Pesci FM, Reynal A, Handoko AD, Guo M, An X, Cowan AJ, Klug DR, Durrant JR, Tang Jet al., 2014,

  Interfacial charge separation in Cu2O/RuOx as a visible light driven CO2 reduction catalyst

  , Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, ISSN: 1463-9076

  We employ transient absorption spectroscopy to record the absorption spectrum of photogenerated charge carriers in Cu2O. We have found that CO2 reduction in Cu2O is limited by fast electron-hole recombination. The deposition of RuOx nanoparticles on Cu2O results in a twofold increased yield of long-lived electrons, indicating partially reduced electron-hole recombination losses. This observation correlates with an approximately sixfold increase in the yield of CO2 reduction to CO.

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• Journal article
  Meager I, Ashraf RS, Nielsen CB, Donaghey JE, Huang Z, Bronstein H, Durrant JR, McCulloch Iet al., 2014,

  Power conversion efficiency enhancement in diketopyrrolopyrrole based solar cells through polymer fractionation

  , JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C, Vol: 2, Pages: 8593-8598, ISSN: 2050-7526
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  • Citations: 13
• Journal article
  Gross MA, Reynal A, Durrant JR, Reisner Eet al., 2013,

  A Versatile Photocatalytic System for H2 Generation in Water Based on an Efficient DuBois-type Nickel Catalyst

  , Journal of the American Chemical Society, ISSN: 0002-7863
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• Journal article
  Dibb GFA, Muth M-A, Kirchartz T, Engmann S, Hoppe H, Gobsch G, Thelakkat M, Blouin N, Tierney S, Carrasco-Orozco M, Durrant JR, Nelson Jet al., 2013,

  Influence of doping on charge carrier collection in normal and inverted geometry polymer: fullerene solar cells

  , SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, Vol: 3, ISSN: 2045-2322
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  • Citations: 65
• Journal article
  Bronstein H, Hurhangee M, Fregoso EC, Beatrup D, Soon YW, Huang Z, Hadipour A, Tuladhar PS, Rossbauer S, Sohn E-H, Shoaee S, Dimitrov SD, Frost JM, Ashraf RS, Kirchartz T, Watkins SE, Song K, Anthopoulos T, Nelson J, Rand BP, Durrant JR, McCulloch Iet al., 2013,

  Isostructural, Deeper Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital Analogues of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) for High-Open Circuit Voltage Organic Solar Cells

  , CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, Vol: 25, Pages: 4239-4249, ISSN: 0897-4756
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  • Citations: 64
• Journal article
  Hawks SA, Deledalle F, Yao J, Rebois DG, Li G, Nelson J, Yang Y, Kirchartz T, Durrant JRet al., 2013,

  Relating Recombination, Density of States, and Device Performance in an Efficient Polymer: Fullerene Organic Solar Cell Blend

  , ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS, Vol: 3, Pages: 1201-1209, ISSN: 1614-6832
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  • Citations: 96
• Journal article
  Durrant JR, 2013,

  Molecular approaches to solar energy conversion: the energetic cost of charge separation from molecular-excited states

  , PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, Vol: 371, ISSN: 1364-503X
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  • Citations: 15

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